Racism in The Color of Fear Essay - 879 Words

Racism in The Color of Fear Let’s start with the definition of racism. Racism refers to the belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, that a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others, and/or that individuals should be treated differently based on their ascribed race. There are two main issues in the movie the â€Å"The Color of Fear† that I will discuss. These two issues include grouping people of color on the basis of the way one looks, and the attitudes of different races towards one another. Including also the idea that the white â€Å"do-gooder† feels that subconsciously racism is being taken care of, when in all reality it isn’t. The eight men in The Color of Fear candidly discussed racism not†¦show more content†¦It is important that if one wants to understand a race that they have to have an openness towards that culture. Depending on where someone lives also plays a large part on why they group by color. In the movie there were two Whites, two Asians, and two Blacks. They were all mostly from the west, and only portrayed the racism that is felt in that area. All over the United States racism differs, but grouping still emerges. It is natural for groups of people that feel close to one another to stick together. This is shown by how areas of cities will be predominately black, Asian, Hmong, Mexican or White. The colored men in the movie had difficulties with grouping. They mainly felt that whites needed to group outsiders that didn’t look white. One of the Asian men stated that he felt only white was American. He had troubles with how the white man would start to let in other cultures, but then in turn expected other races to give up their cultures to become American. The colored man does not want to give his identity to become apart of the white group, he feels that to end racism we should not have to all be the same. Another issue in the movie was attitudes. All races have attitudes towards people that are not like their own, whether they are good or bad. Attitudes I believe are connected with experiences. What one experiences with another race can affect the way their attitude is towards them.Show MoreRelatedWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of racism as well as the development of racial identity. Along with these topics she in turn offers possible solutions to racial problems that plague us today. Tatum uses David Wellman’s definition of racism to set up the way racism is talked about in this book, however I mildly disagree with this definition.While I disagree with this part in her book I strongly agree with the idea that race she be talked about at a young age. In Tatum s book she states, â€Å"He defines racism as a ‘SystemRead MoreRacism And Its Impact On Society779 Words   |  4 Pages Racism is a concept that has been around for years. It is something that has left its mark, and even scars on our society. It has lefts mark and scars on our businesses, schools, churches, communities, and even on relationships. Racism has cost both those of color and Whites their health, families, friends, livelihoods, and even their lives. Racism has many people greatly. People of color and people who are White experience the costs of racism each and every day. Racism is felt and experiencedRead MoreFreedom, Without Qualification Is An Important Piece Of `` Americana ``1595 Words   |  7 Pagesof color wanted to be enslaved. However, merely saying â€Å"freedom† without qualification is a misnomer, for it is not a monolithic idea. The United States did not have a single group of free people—free Black women were (and still are) treated differently from White women. Thus, the debate of whether free women of color and female slaves were more different than similar is a question of whether slavery, which differentiated free women of color from female slaves, was more pervasive than racism, whichRead MoreEffects Of Racism1095 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is an individual, institutional, and societal issue that negatively affects the lives of many African-Americans. Structural racism is a term used to describe the institutional and societal levels of racism. These levels have caused negative effects in the mental and physical pu blic health of African-Americans, and yet are rarely discussed. Hiding or ignoring the impact of racism on public health disparities is not the same as fighting against them. It is allowing them to be repeated withoutRead MoreReverse Racism1020 Words   |  5 PagesReverse Racism University Composition and Communication 2 January 8, 2012 Melissa Reed Reverse Racism Racism has existed for thousands of years. Not too long ago African American people were segregated against based on the color of their skin. Leaders both white and black loss their lives so that there would be acceptance one day of all people as equal. Now in 2011 we have a Mixed President who on the census marked himself as African American not counting heritage of a CaucasianRead MoreRacial Injustice Is A Major Social Problem Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent forms of racism that is still seen currently in the judicial system, school system, and work system. In a general aspect connecting all issues discussed in my introduction, the prime source of theses social problems is racism. Racism is a term that has remained relevant in society for ages in different parts of the world. It takes different forms and is evident in different ways but the term still remains the same word. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism as â€Å"a belief that raceRead MoreThe World And Me Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesTa-Nehisi Coates’ Between the World and Me is in essence about the rigors inflicted on people of color, and specifically black people, by America. His work goes on in depth about the challenges black people face in America, the communities and the world view they grow up in. Coates’ work is masterful at boiling down and explaining the problems that people of color face, from the outright racism of a brutal police force to subtler forms of similarly dangerous discrimination in the classroom, in politicsRead MoreSexism and Racism in â€Å"The Color Purple† Essays870 Words   |  4 Pages I feel every person should care about sexism and racism, because these two issues affect everyone. â€Å"The Color Purple† is a great film that focuses on the problems African American women faced during the early 1900s. The Color Purple provides a disturbing and realistic account into the life of Celie, a poor southern black woman with a sad and abusive past and Sophia, another poor southern black woman with a sad and abusive past. Sexism is a form of discrimination basedRead MoreRacism Is Not A Physical Action1533 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery, but also from institutionalized racism in the school system. Racism is more than a single person s actions towards another based on skin color. Racism is â€Å" the belief that all members of each race possess certain characteristics that make them inferior or superior to another race†. Racism is not a physical action, rather a mental thought process that often leads to violent physical actions. Racism can take many different forms on many different levels. Racism can result in a multitude of thingsRead More Racism is Ignorance and Fear Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is Ignorance and Fear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism is really another word for ignorance. Its another way of saying that nature should have had only one type of flower or tree. Its another way of looking at the world with your eyes closed to diversity and change. Racism is another word for fear. Fear of the unknown is understandable, of course, and for many of us those of different races and creeds are the great unknown. Most of us are brought up in a particular environment with a particular type

Similarities Between Christianity And Islam - 1005 Words

Compare and contrast ancient Christianity and Islam. Christianity and Islam are both closely related religions, because they are branched of Abraham and other patriarchs mentioned in Hebrew Scriptures. Examples of these books are the Old/ New testament and the Quran. These books serve as their spiritual ancestors and are also know as Abrahamic religions. Although these books have a massive amount in common the clash of these two religions has caused for a mass crimes and violence across humanity. In fact, â€Å"most genocides in the 20th century have been between Muslims and Christians†.(Johnson) the reason why they have had their differences is because of their views of life. One of the major differences between the two religions is that early Christians believe in in trinity. This is that God is 3 in 1, Father, son, and Holy Spirit. While on the other hand, Islam believes God (Allah) is one and invisible. They also believe in strict monotheism. This is the belief in the fact that there is only one God and due to the fact that they believe in different Gods then two religions directly conflict with one another. This is not the only disagreement they two have on religious beliefs. The answer to the question â€Å"who is Jesus â€Å"is a major disagreement as well, because Jesus is significant to both religions. In Christianity Jesus is the Son of God that is worshiped as a God. He is the savior of the world according to Christians. This is because he died on the cross for mankindShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam993 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity and Islam are the two biggest religions that are present in the world today, with close to four billion followers combined. While Christianity and Islam actually have a lot more in common than most people think, there are still many differences to them. First, let’s start with the similarities between the two. Both religions believe that in one way or another, Jesus will r eturn to Earth in the final days of the world to have a judgement day, in which essentially will determine if youRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1316 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, the largest religion is Christianity with a 33 percent and Islam coming in second place at around 21 percent. According to the article A Common Word between Us and You Both religions make up around half of the population around the world. Islam and Christianity are collectively known as Abrahamic religions because they trace their history to the covenant God made with Abraham in the Hebrew Bible. Christianity and Islam are two of the fastest growing religions, and they bothRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity997 Words   |  4 PagesIslam and Christianity are two largely wide spread religions in the world that have a great impact on their followers, especially in a spiritual manner. Because of originality, values, and unique believes in each religion, their believers respect and try to comprehend each other’s faith. With Christianity’s record 2.2 billion population and Islam’s impressive 1.6 billion population, they both form the bases of their countries laws and are recognized by governments all around the world. Even thoughRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1427 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Islam share much common ground. They trace their origins to Abraham; believe in prophecy, apostles, revelation, scripture, resurrection, and life after death. Christianity and Islam have related theological traditions; believe in one omnipotent God who is concerned with human salvation. Both religions are somewhat similar in how they embrace their beliefs; what the church is to Christianity, the umma is to Islam. Notwithstanding these important similarities, however, these two worldviewsRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1088 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant historic province where it served as the birthplace for many beliefs and religions such as Christianity and Islam. Within 600 CE to 1250 CE and 1st century to 1000 CE, Christianity and Islam began to spread. The two leading religions were very apparent in their belief in God and worship. As we seek to understand the Christian and Islam beliefs, it is important to be familiar with both the similarities and differences in the early years. The thought of death may terrify most of us, but to thoseRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1409 Words   |  6 Pages Christianity and Islam were both spread in socially and economically similar and politically different. They both had an important people that role and spread of the religions. Christianity included the individuals of who believe in Jesus Christ. Christians are the flowers of the Christ who often believed is the son of the God (â€Å"the father†); Christians strongly believe that Christ will return after the next life; the end of the world. Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, the godRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1332 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion has its own goal, and their own path and belief to reach their goals. However, there are many similarities in beliefs. Although the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam may see things differently, they all fundamentally hold the same values and codes. To Islam, the Prophet Mohammad’s teaching is a complete and final revelation. On the other hand, according to the bible, Christiani ty believes that Jesus Christ is the true lord and savior that will grant you the access to heaven in theRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam891 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity came about 2000 years ago and was founded by Jesus Christ. It is mostly practiced in the Western world with a population of about 2 billion people. The name Christianity came from a Greek word ‘Christos’ meaning Jesus Christ and was founded between 4 B.C. and 30 A.D, and consist of the 3 major groups which are the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox. Islam on the other hand was founded about 1400 years ago by Muhammad in 600’s A.D. The word Islam is derived from an Arabic word forRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1928 Words   |  8 Pagesget punished for practicing religion. The two religions bear some superficial similarities, the differences between the two religions is clear though. How the two religions practice their beliefs, the population, beliefs, and how they view â€Å"Jesus† are different and similar. Although the two religions are very different from each other, they also show some similarities. The main similarity is that Islam and Christianity both are monotheistic; meaning they believe in one god. Which are 2 out of theRead MoreSimilarities Between Islam And Christianity1619 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar beginnings, Islam is a religion of violence and Christianity is a religion of peace and therefore is more beneficial to society. It is important to understand the similarities between Islam and Christianity, specifically their origins, to better understand their differences. Islam is believed to have been started through the descendants of Abraham, a man who was considered a prophet of God in both Islam and Christianity. Many historians and theologians agree that Islam began through the lineage

The Treaty of Paris Free Essays

Treaty of Paris Signed by the United States and Spain, December 10, 1898The United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the name of her august son Don Alfonso XIII, desiring to end the state of war now existing between the two countries, have for that purpose appointed as plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States, William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P. We will write a custom essay sample on The Treaty of Paris or any similar topic only for you Order Now Frye, George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United States; And Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, Don Eugenio Montero Rios, president of the senate, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, senator of the Kingdom and ex-minister of the Crown; Don Jose de Garnica, deputy of the Cortes and associate justice of the supreme court; Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels, and Don Rafael Cerero, general of division; Who, having assembled in Paris, and having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have, after discussion of the matters before them, agreed up on the following articles: Article I. Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. And as the island is, upon its evacuation by Spain, to be occupied by the United States, the United States will, so long as such occupation shall last, assume and discharge the obligations that may under international law result from the fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property. Article II. Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones. Article III. Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²]) north latitude, thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²) north latitude to its intersection with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred nd nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north, thence along the parallel of latitude of seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. Article IV. The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States. Article VThe United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them. Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, proceed to evacuate the Philippines, as well as the island of Guam, on terms similar to those agreed upon by the Commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under the Protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till its provisions are completely executed. The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two Governments. Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small arms, guns of all calibres, with their carriages and accessories, powder, ammunition, livestock, and materials and supplies of all kinds, belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. Pieces of heavy ordnance, exclusive of field artillery, in the fortifications and coast defences, shall remain in their emplacements for the term of six months, to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications of the treaty; and the United States may, in the meantime, purchase such material from Spain, if a satisfactory agreement between the two Governments on the subject shall be reached. Article VISpain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offences, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States. Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines. The Government of the United States will at its own cost return to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own cost return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, according to the situation of their respective homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, respectively, under this article. Article VII. The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government, that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article. Article VIII. In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of this treaty, Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain. And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, can not in any respect impair the property or rights which by law belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces, municipalities, public or private establishments, ecclesiastical or civic bodies, or any other associations having legal capacity to acquire and possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of private individuals, of whatsoever nationality such individuals may be. The aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, includes all documents exclusively referring to the sovereignty relinquished or ceded that may exist in the archives of the Peninsula. Where any document in such archives only in part relates to said sovereignty, a copy of such part will be furnished whenever it shall be requested. Like rules shall be reciprocally observed in favor of Spain in respect of documents in the archives of the islands above referred to. In the aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, are also included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its authorities possess in respect of the official archives and records, executive as well as judicial, in the islands above referred to, which relate to said islands or the rights and property of their inhabitants. Such archives and records shall be carefully preserved, and private persons shall without distinction have the right to require, in accordance with law, authenticated copies of the contracts, wills and other instruments forming part of notorial protocols or files, or which may be contained in the executive or judicial archives, be the latter in Spain or in the islands aforesaid. Article IX. Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds; and they shall also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce and professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the territory in which they may reside. The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress. Article X. The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion. Article XI. The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same; and they shall have the right to appear before such courts, and to ursue the same course as citizens of the country to which the courts belong. Article XII. Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty in the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined according to the following rules: 1. Judgments r endered either in civil suits between private individuals, or in criminal matters, before the date mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse or right of review under the Spanish law, shall be deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by competent authority in the territory within which such judgments should be carried out. 2. Civil suits between private individuals which may on the date mentioned be undetermined shall be prosecuted to judgment before the court in which they may then be pending or in the court that may be substituted therefor. 3. Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of the territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall continue under its jurisdiction until final judgment; but, such judgment having been rendered, the execution thereof shall be committed to the competent authority of the place in which the case arose. Article XIII. The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba and in Porto Rico, the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to be respected. Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works, not subversive of public order in the territories in question, shall continue to be admitted free of duty into such territories, for the period of ten years, to be reckoned from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. Article XIV. Spain will have the power to establish consular officers in the ports and places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty. Article XV. The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same treatment in respect of all port charges, including entrance and clearance dues, light dues, and tonnage duties, as it accords to its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade. Article XVI. It is understood that any obligations assumed in this treaty by the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon termination of such occupancy, advise any Government established in the island to assume the same obligations. Article XVII. The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible. In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty and have hereunto affixed our seals. Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight. [Seal] William R. Day[Seal] Cushman K. Davis[Seal] William P. Frye[Seal] Geo. Gray[Seal] Whitelaw Reid[Seal] Eugenio Montero Rios[Seal] B. de Abarzuza[Seal] J. de Garnica[Seal] W. R. de Villa Urrutia[Seal] Rafael CereroDocument courtesy of The Avalon Project Source: A Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain, U. S. Congress, 55th Cong. , 3d sess. , Senate Doc. No. 62, Part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 5-11. | Source: â€Å"Firstworldwar. com. † First World War. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/primary/treatyofparis. html How to cite The Treaty of Paris, Papers

The Rise of Christianity in the Roman Republic free essay sample

Throughout the Roman republic and most of the empire, the Roman religion was polytheistic. The religion was based on the Greek religion and included multiple gods and goddesses who were anthropomorphic and cruel. However, during the first century of the Common Era, Judaism and â€Å"mystery religions† such as Mithraism, Eleusis, and Christianity were becoming increasing popular. Roman rule tried to control the spread of these religions but eventually Christianity became the chief religion of Rome and its empire. In the early stages of these new religions, Rome was surprisingly tolerant. Many rulers allowed citizens to practice these religions and asked only for simple patriotism and to recognize the holidays of Roman gods. Most Jews and Christians were uncooperative with this notion. In fact, many radical Jews and Christians emerged. A notable radical Jesus, who was an orthodox Jew, led and taught â€Å"the good news† to his followers. This stubborn disobedience enraged rulers such as Nero and Diocletian, who ordered for many Christian persecutions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Christianity in the Roman Republic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diocletian ordered that churches and sacred books be destroyed throughout the Empire. Nero is best known for a devastating fire which was rumored to have been started by Nero himself. He tried to end these rumors by punishing many Christians as a distraction. Persecutions were common and often resulted in death. Women were persecuted the same as men. Christians accepted Jesus as their messiah after he had been put to a gruesome death under the orders of Pilate. At this time, the Roman Empire was in economic turmoil and Christian persecutions were its last attempt at control. A major turning point in the history of Christianity occurred in 312 of the current era. The story is told that Constantine, Roman emperor during this time, had a dream telling him to decorate his shield with the Greek letters for Christ. When he did so and was victorious during battle, Constantine decided that he would convert to Christianity. Constantine also ended all persecutions and allowed all Christians to worship freely. Theodosius the Great took the work of Constantine a step further. He forbade any religion to be practiced except Christianity. This movement gave many more privileges to the church. Churches could now own property and were exempt from certain taxes. Christians were finally free to live and worship. The phenomenon of Christianity was not a battle won easily. There were many cruel and devastating punishments to those who practiced against Roman religion. Men and women were put to death or forced into hiding in the first century. However, as the population of Christians grew rapidly, Roman law found it necessary to revise laws and allow Christianity within the Empire. Christians had won the victory of faith and progressed onward through history.

JFK WAS HIS ASSASSINATION INEVITABLE Essays -

JFK: WAS HIS ASSASSINATION INEVITABLE? A popular misconception is that President John F. Kennedy's assassination was an isolated event perpetrated by one man. This could not be farther from the truth. Instead, it was the result of a complex combination of domestic and foreign events. When President Kennedy was in office, he had to deal with many issues, ranging from business and finance to crime-fighting and war issues. Perhaps it is not as important to decide who it was that killed him, but why. President Kennedy's decisions and courses of action were not popular with everybody, and thus it is not surprising that his assassination was inevitable. The people who might have wanted John F. Kennedy dead can be classified into the following groups: Russians, Cubans, Mobsters (Organized Crime/Mafia), Special Agents (CIA), G-men (J. Edgar Hoover's FBI), Rednecks and Oilmen (Right-wing Extremists), and the MIC (Military Industrial Complex). Each group had its own motives for killing John F. Kennedy. Many of these groups that wanted JFK dead are very closely intertwined, so in order to understand each group, they will each be analyzed seperately.1 In order to better understand the relationship between JFK, the Cubans and Russians, several important events must be mentioned and discussed. Two of the most important foreign affairs in Kennedy's presidency were the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. 2 3 During Eisenhower's administration, Cuba was torn apart by revolution. The Cuban dictator, Batista, was an extremely corrupt man. While he was enjoying a luxurious life, the people of Cuba were in poverty. Thus it was not surprising when a rebellion, led by a man named Fidel Castro, took place. Batista, knowing that the majority of Cuba wanted him out, chose to flea rather than be caught and face execution. Once Batista was out of the way, Cuba was Castro's for the taking.2 One of the first actions Castro took while in charge of Cuba was to close down all casinos. The people running them were either imprisoned or deported. Exploitation of Cuban workers by American was unacceptable to Castro, and he took immediate action against this. He believed American capitalists were taking advantage of the Cubans. Angered by this aggressive attitude toward American "interests", the United States government established a trade embargo, hoping the Cuban people would overthrow Castro and reinstate a more "American friendly" leader.3 With a starving population on one side, and a broken economy on the other, Castro turned to Russia for help. Since Russia did not own any land or power in the US/Cuban region, Castro offered the Russians a chance to extend their sphere of influence. An opportunity which was not refused. Of course, the American government did not accept this situation readily. A plan to train and arm Cuban exiles who would return to Cuba to overthrow Castro was contrived. This secret operation was viewed as far less dangerous than a direct invasion by American troops.4 As the election of 1960 approached, the CIA had already made plans to overthrow Castro with the Cuban exiles. However, to the surprise of just about everyone, a young John F. Kennedy defeated favorite Richard Nixon by the slimmest of margins.5 Nonetheless, the invasion had to go on. The plan was to bomb Cuba's airfields to prevent the Cuban military from killing the invading exiles. However, two things went wrong in the invasion. First, the CIA underestimated the Cuban army, and second, the 4 airstrips were not all taken out, allowing the Cuban airforce to retaliate. Upon hearing news of this, the CIA told Kennedy that in order to succeed the US must provide air coverage for the exiles. Kennedy refused however, believing it would be foolish to provoke a crisis with the Soviets just in order to aid the exiles. Due to this, the exiles were given no chance and were quickly demolished, and the invasion had failed.6 Now that Castro knew the United States' intentions, he knew he was in immediate danger. Once again, he turned to Russia for aid. Castro realized the only way to assert his safety was to defend himself, and what he did was a very strategic move. He asked Russia to send nuclear missiles to Cuba, saying to the US that any more attempted invasions

Writing a Literature Essay A Complete Guide

Writing a Literature Essay A Complete Guide Although upon entering college, most students are already familiar with essay writing in general and literature essay writing in particular, many of them don’t realize that what is understood under this term on this academic level is quite different from those informal, fairly freeform texts they wrote in high school. The requirements and practices commonly used here are quite different from what you might have been used to. First of all, there isn’t such a thing as a clearly defined literary essay – it is subdivided into many different subtypes, the most important of them being: Analysis essay, where you provide deep insights into a particular literary text, studying its structure, writer’s agenda, imagery, stylistic devices and so on. Its goal it to examine and sometimes evaluate the work in question; Research essay, usually dealing with a broader scope than just a single work of literature; Reaction essay, where you tell about your impressions from reading a text; Persuasive essay, where you try to convince the reader of your point of view; Narrative essay, where you try your hand at storytelling yourself. However, all of them are similar enough for you to be able to learn how to write one of them and get a fairly good idea of how to deal with all the rest. In this literature essay writing guide, we will cover tactics and practices that will help you write literary essays of any types. Selecting a Topic Students are given varying degrees of freedom when writing literature essays. Sometimes you may be assigned a literary work to write about, but are otherwise free to do anything you like with it. Sometimes you are given a rigid topic you cannot alter at all. Sometimes you are given a completely free rein, and can choose whatever you want to write about. However, no matter what your situation is, you should remember two points: Limitations aren’t always a bad thing – when some variants are cut off you don’t have to worry about choosing that much; Even if the topic is assigned, you can often negotiate it with your tutor or instructor. If the changes you want to make aren’t drastic, he can usually be persuaded to meet you halfway. So how does one approach the choice of a topic? Choose a text that interests you or an underlying theme present in more than one text. Why is it important? In what ways understanding this theme in a particular text helps one understand other texts of the same author (or other authors) better? Select a text you know well. Perhaps there is a book you’ve read many times already and always keep finding something new and fascinating about it? If you don’t have to study the text to start writing about it, you have a huge advantage over those who are unfamiliar with it; Don’t be in a hurry to read other analytical works on the text. This will prevent your thinking from being contaminated by other people’s ideas too early on and give you a better opportunity of forming your own opinions and ideas on the text. Try to formulate your topic on your own, without trying to fashion it after typical topics used by other researchers; After you’ve formed your working hypothesis, you may start looking through the literature on the topic to see what other researchers say about the subject. At that point, you may need to change your original intentions because it may turn out that the topic you’ve decided on has already been researched through and through. If the topic turns out to be unoriginal, try to change it for something more unusual – the less-trodden path you take, the better will be the attitude of your instructor. However, make sure to check if the topic you choose has enough information sources to work with, or you risk ending up with a topic you cannot properly work with because you don’t have a body of research to rely on. In the end, you should get a topic that you are comfortable with, that is at least somewhat different from the majority of papers dealing with the text in question and that has enough information sources to build your thesis on. Here are some examples you may use: The Theme of Duality in The Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens; The Role of Fate in Romeo and Juliet; Lord of the Flies by William Golding and Tunnel in the Sky by Robert Heinlein: Two Takes on a Single Issue; Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse as a Modern Quest Narrative; Fight Club as an Epitome of Disillusionment Genre. Working with Sources: Important Tips from Our Writers When writing a literature essay of any type you are going to work with two general types of sources: The primary source is the text you research. It is the primary literary work your research is based on. Even if you study entire creative work done by a particular author, one of his texts usually plays a more important role than the others – that would be your primary text for such a paper; Secondary sources are all the other sources of information you use: critical articles, analytical works, blog posts, reviews, author’s comments and any other writings concerning the primary text; If nobody has written about the exact combination of the topic and the text, what about books about the same topic in other works by the author or other authors connected to the one you write about (e.g., from the same time period or literary school)? Your best bet at finding what you need is using specialized search engines and academic databases like JSTOR, Google Scholar or a discipline-specific one like ProQuest Literature Online. These contain not just academic articles and other kinds of publications, but information about how many times they have been referred to in other sources and other useful data. Preparing an Outline An outline is basically just a plan of your essay. It may be more or less detailed depending on your preferences and writing style, but the idea remains the same. You write down: the main points and probably entire sentences from introduction and conclusion (because they are short and the success of your essay depends very much on how well you manage to present them); the entirety of your thesis statement (again, because it is a short and very important part of your essay); the main points of each supporting paragraph, along with sources to refer to in each of them. Usually after writing an introduction and thesis statement, you use one reference to the primary text that supports your main point and then support it with a few references to the secondary sources. Formulating a Thesis Statement Your thesis statement is the gist of your paper reduced to one, possibly two sentences. In short, it is the main thought behind your essay – quite often, it is your interpretation of the text you work on. A thesis statement is usually located at the end of the introduction: after you’ve already grasped the attention of your reader but before you started discussing the text in earnest. It is important to understand that a thesis statement and a topic are two different things. The topic is the general subject area you are discussing in your essay, e.g., â€Å"The Theme of Poverty in the Creative Work of Charles Dickens†. The thesis statement is exactly what it says on the tin – a statement you make concerning the topic, it is the result of your research or just your opinion. For example, â€Å"Charles Dickens’ descriptions of poverty in his creative work stem from his personal experiences as a young man† would be a thesis statement. Writing the Body of the Essay The body of your essay is reserved for the development of your central idea. A good rule of a thumb to follow is to have no less than three body paragraph for a 500-700 word essay, each covering a single point supporting your primary argument. Each paragraph of the essay’s body should contain a topic sentence followed by explanations and textual evidence. A topic sentence (normally the first sentence of a paragraph) states one of the topics connected with your thesis and how exactly this topic supports the central idea of your essay. Evidence should come either from the primary text or secondary sources, with the former being the more important one. It comes in four types: Summary – short retelling of the text; Paraphrase – retelling of the text’s fragments in your own words; Specific details – here you don’t retell a part of the text but rather draw the reader’s attention to a small part of it; Direct quotations – fragments of the text repeated word for word in accordance with your formatting style. Writing Introduction and Conclusion Write a thesis statement first and leave the rest of the introduction for later. The most often advised approach is to write it last of all, even after the conclusion – this way you will already know what is present in your essay and won’t have to remake anything to meet the requirements that changed along with the contents of your paper. Start with a hook to catch the attention of the reader. It may be: a quotation from the primary text or a secondary source; a highly unusual or controversial idea about the primary text; a fact from the life of the author relevant to your thesis statement; or anything at all as long as you can make it work. After that, provide some background information and smoothly go on to your thesis statement. Complying with the Format Traditionally, literature essays are written in MLA format; you may find the most important instructions for writing in it here. If you want a more in-depth guide, look for a paper copy of a style guide in a library. Unless stated otherwise, most literature essays are written in 12pt, Times New Roman font. Proofreading If you can afford it, there should be an interval between when you finish writing per se and start proofreading your essay. Trying to make corrections immediately after finishing writing is ineffective the impression is still too fresh, and you are too much inclined to jump over the familiar sentences, missing mistakes and stylistic flaws. When proofreading a literature essay you should pay attention not just to actual errors in grammar, spelling and syntax, but to style as well. Stylistic requirements here are less rigid than in, let’s say, psychology essays, but they are still present: Don’t use personal pronouns. Words like â€Å"I†, â€Å"we†, â€Å"you† etc. make your writing too personal, while you have to maintain objective academic tone; Use transitional words and expressions like â€Å"therefore†, â€Å"so†, â€Å"thus†, â€Å"so far† etc. to connect paragraphs with each other and make the flow of your essay smoother; Make sure you stick to one idea throughout your essay. The main goal of any essay it to drive home a point made in thesis statement, and you should pursue this goal with every sentence and every word. If on rereading the essay you see that certain elements are superfluous for that purpose, eliminate them without remorse; Get somebody else to read your essay, preferably somebody whom you can trust to do it attentively. Ask them if they find the flow of ideas logical, if there are any loose ends you have to deal with, if there is enough evidence backing up each point; Use some tricks to change the way you perceive your essay and find more potential flaws. For example, read it out loud – if you stumble upon a fragment, there is a high chance of it needing revision. Or change the font and its size and print it out – when the words and sentences look differently from the way you are used to, you pay more attention to them. We hope that these literature essay tips will turn writing your next literature essay into an enjoyable and easy experience – when you know what you are doing, no task ever appears to be too hard!

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics Essay

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics and Hesiod's Theogony - Essay Example We can therefore conclude that the cosmogony, as well as the theogony, is a representation of the universality of the world. These are representations of the realistic order of the world. According to mythology, the universe has gone several states from generation to generation and yet humans are still considered part of creation that only serve the balance and harmony of creation. We have no authority or power that could surpass the power of the gods. Theogony and cosmogony are realizations of the governing of things in the universe. Humans are a part of creation and that they have the authority to manage other creations. They are considered more special compared to other worldly creatures. On the contrary, they cannot be as powerful as the gods. They cannot be on the same ground as the gods. The story of Prometheus was an example of this governing and ordering of things. He was punished for his disobedience, and this first part of cosmogony just shows how inferior or powerless humans are compared to the gods. The place or position of humans whether in Greek mythology or the Genesis story of creation expresses authority and governess over the other creations on earth. It is more definite than the story of power struggle among gods. As a whole, humans are the center of balance and harmony in the real world. Human beings have the authority to reestablish the earth or destroy its harmonious existence. This is true even in the modern time. The reality of human existence and its role in the universe is made the cosmogony and theogony have theorized. Gods are just myths, but human existence in this world plays a vital role in the orderly state of the

THE ORIGINS OF ART Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE ORIGINS OF ART - Case Study Example Nowadays, the situation is not different. This is evident in televisions, billboards and magazines where men and women with ‘perfect’ bodies are used to advertise goods and services. Through this concept, we can conclude that ancient man and modern man are not different. However, using modern culture to explain a past culture may not be entirely reliable. First of all, there are special cultures that were totally different from us. Take for instance the Egyptians. They were not affected by peak shift and did not see the need to design unrealistic human forms. Secondly, all artists are different. Though they are connected by the desire to create art, artisans differ in many ways; for example they have different sources of inspiration, what works for one might not work for the other. The sources of inspiration for ancient artists are not the same as modern artists. It is therefore not plausible to use modern art to try to decipher ancient art. Prehistoric paintings are not depictions of shamanic trance visions. The paintings were based on creatures that were present the time like horses and reindeer that were in existence in Europe. These were creatures that were either eaten, used or seen by the ancient man. It is worth noting that different archeological sites had different set of animal paintings. The paintings in Europe comprised animals that were there at the time, Africa had its own set of animals and paintings, as was the rest of the world. If they were trance visions, then we could expect paintings of alien creatures in various archeological sites. For instance, we could expect to find paintings of American animals in African sites. No, it does not. It is difficult o deduce this issue due to the amount of time that separates modern times and the prehistoric times. No amount of thinking will enable us to know what made them start

Answer all the question below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer all the question below - Essay Example The company’s management used buyers’ demographic data including whether they were English or Spanish Speakers, and which stores they bought from. This data was drawn from retail stores including US Wal-Mart, Target, Toys â€Å"R† Us and Kmart. This data was analyzed by the company and used to forecast the demand for the toys. LeapFrog communicated its decision to increase production of toys to Capable Toys within weeks; in the month of August. This was after the predictions were verified by the company’s management to be trustable. When the demand for LittleTouch grew, Capable Toys had to increase it productivity to meet the rising need. However, there was no immediate way of increasing the company’s production. Capable Toys Ltd of Zhongshan, China had to hustle and try hard to get extra custom-designed electronics, plastic molds and baby-drool-proof paper. There was also need to hire more workers. Furthermore the company needed to make more production tools. The production problem was solved by ordering the production of two more sets of production tools which finally helped boost production. The tools were better designed – they were made such that they could produce unique toys while reducing their fail rates from 5% to 0.3%. Capable Toy Company had problems getting a supplier for sensitive touch membrane but then they were able to get other suppliers. The company also needed a special material that was drool–resistant and ink absorbent called Tyvek. The only way to get this material was by getting it supplied by third party, not directly from the manufacturer, DuPont Co. LeapFrog approached a U.S. company that could get this material directly from DuPont Co and gave it the printing contract as well. This move however added 50 to 60 cents per book in production costs. Leapfrog Company made a decision to use air shipping and fast boats to transport its products from Hong Kong to Los Angeles to respond to the shortage experienced. Using

Curbing Child Labour In African Countries Young People Essay

Curbing Child Labour In African Countries Young People Essay 1.0 Definition of Child Labour The International Labor Organization (ILO, 2004) defined child labour as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development. Also, child labour refers to any working activity that is physically, mentally, socially or morally harmful and dangerous to children, with interference in their education by depriving them of the chance to attend school, prematurely obliging them to leave school, or requiring them to combine schooling with extremely long and heavy work. 2.0 The Negative Effect of Child Labour on Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Development One of the most significant problems in developing countries especially in Africa is the unpleasant incident of child labour. Children do labour to earn money by sacrificing their health, their education, and their normal development to maturity. The child labour exists prevalently in most countries in Africa. It has been a deep-rooted evil phenomenon, which delay the development of human capital accumulation and economic growth. Most African countries are lying on a stagnation situation or downward spiral in which poor performance in human development has been liable to poor economic growth and poverty, which consecutively discouraged human development achievements. Nowadays, while most of developed countries are enjoying wealth and prosperity, some of developing nations and most third world countries in Africa are struggling themselves to combat the problem of child labour. The prevalence of child labour causes the children to occupy their lifetime with working, leaving school and education behind. The main aim for these children to work would be the wages gain from working in order to support household income. However, because of the time in a day is limited to 24 hours, there will be high probability for a working child to forgo schooling if they want to concentrate working to help their parents income. As working children become an adult without a sound education, their future generation soon is likely to do the same duty as they were child ago. As a result, there will be a lack of human capital improvement in one country even after generations, and thus in long-term will bring about stagnant economic development. 3.0 Child Labour in African Countries The ILO is an international organisation charged to count with child labor. The ILO reported in 2004 that 218 million children engaged in economic activity globally, excluding child domestic labour (UNICEF, 2006). Within this number, 126 million or one in every six children aged 5-17 years were trapped in hazardous work. The ILO estimated that children represent 40-50 percent of all victims of forced labour, or 5.7 million children were caught in bonded and forced labour. Available data suggested that more boys than girls were economically active, but girls who are engaged in household chores and sibling childcare not be accounted for in these statistics (ILO, 2002). Children who were working in household of a third party or employer are particularly at risk to abuse and exploitation. The ILO estimates that more girls below age 16 were in domestic (household) service than in any other category child labour. African continent has the highest percentage of economically active children. The ILO study showed that 41 percent of children in Africa continent are devoting to labour work (ILO, 2003). The sectors where child labour is most employed are agriculture, fishing, hunting, and forestry. More than 30 percent of African children aged between 10 and 14 are working in agriculture sector. In most countries which are producing raw materials, children are used to work on agriculture estates of cocoa, coffee, and cotton. Also in Africa, the incident of child labour varies among areas in the continent. Child labour occupies nearly most of the teenagers population in the countries of central Africa. Meanwhile it is nearly absolutely lacking in South Africa, and the similar situation occurs in the nations of northern Africa. As stated by the ILO in 2003, there are 400,000 child labourers in Rwanda. Within this number, there are 120,000 are considered to be engaged in the worst forms of child labour, while a number of 60,000 identified as child domestic workers. In Rwanda, children are also involved in prostitution in several large cities. The report showed that 94 percent of these child prostitutes lived in extreme poverty stricken, 40 percent had missing both of their parents, and 41 percent had never enroll themselves in schooling. In Zambia, according to the Zambian, there are a number of 595,000 child labourers in the country. Of these, 58 percent are below age 15, thus, disallowed for any kind of employment as controlled by the Employment of Young Persons Act. According to the ILO in 2003, as much as 1.9 million children in Kenya, with age ranges between 5 and 17, are child labourers. Only 3.2 percent of this population has accomplished a secondary level (school) of education, and 12.7 percent had never been to school. In Kenya, during the peak coffee picking season, it was approximated that up to 30 percent of the coffee pickers are under age 15. In Tanzania, it has been estimated that 4,600 children working in small-scale mining. It is common to find children as young as eight digging thirty-meter underground in mines for at least eight hours per day. It is usually been carried out without proper light and ventilation, and child workers are exposed to risk of injury or death underground. Furthermore, in Zimbabwe, it was approximated that 5 million children with ages between 5 and 17 are being compelled to labour work. While, a survey conducted on child labourers in small-scale mines in Madagascar found that 58 percent that population were aged 12 or under. In addition, only a third had being exposed to learn skills, and half were belonged to families that trapped in poverty stricken with bad living conditions. Moreover in Africa, a number of 120,000 children below the age of 18 have been forced into military labors such as child soldiers, or military messengers, cooks, porters, or sex slaves. An amount ranged 10,000-15,000 children from Mali are working on plantations in CÃ ´te dIvoire. Most of them are victims of child trafficking. It is estimated that 50,000 children are working as household servant in Morocco. In West Africa, an estimated 35,000 children are in commercial sexual exploitation. The Sub-Saharan Africa is the geographical area of the world with the highest rate of child labour. As stated by the ILO report, the high populations growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa corresponds with the increasing of poverty in the region (ILO, 2004). In addition, the HIV/Aids outspread hinders all effort against child labour although the report does show clear evident of improvement in gross school enrolments, where the primary school registrations in the area have raised by 38 percent between 1990 and 2000. The Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that in 2002, regarding child trafficking in Togo, asserted that the governments of western African countries had done fragile enforcement to curb the prevalent trafficking of child labour (Human Rights Watch, 2003). As reported by HRW, the local crisis of children trafficking was brought about by HIV/Aids. A large number of these children are orphans, compelled to work for survival after the death of their HIV- positive parents. The HRW asserted that children are forced into labour work in several countries in western Africa. The traffickers attract the children by promising them with professional training as well as sponsored schooling. The vast majority of these children were trafficked by neighbouring countries, such as Burkina Faso and Mali. The incidence of child labour trafficking occurs in many paths, as the government didnt execute strict enforcement to ban it. Girls were sold to work in the night markets, and during the day as baby sitt ers, and victims are generally subjected to physical violence and psychological abuse. The countries of destination of child trafficking in general have power over economies of western Africa. The report by Institute of Tropical Agriculture in 2002 showed that 70 percent of world cocoa production made in western Africa (Boas, M. Huser, A., 2006). From this statistics, 43 percent world cocoa production supplied by Cote dIvoire, 15 percent in Ghana, 7 percent in Nigeria, 4 percent in Cameroon, and the remains 1 percent in other regions in western Africa. In these supplier countries, the ripe cocoa is collected from plantation and processed by children. Children aged between 5 and 15, all came from poor background, were lured by the traffickers to leave their countries, even with forged labour contracts, were sold to the owners of agricultural estates. Often the children realised of their condition only afterwards, when they are forced into sheds and locked up inside. Children who ran away from the plantations disclosed of how they were victimised, exploited and tortured , and never received any pay. 4.0 Major Determinant of Child Labor Child labour is an issue in worldwide concern, especially in least developed countries in Africa, with many governments officially declares laws that protect children from labour work. There is no single root of child labour in Africa, and the important factors that cause children to become labourers are wide-ranging. Indeed, the particular conditions will differ depending to the different background between children. In spite of this, the determinants of child labour may be categorised into two groups based on 1) demand determinants or market mechanism, and 2) supply determinants. This classification is based on the works by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (Edmonds, E. V., 2003; Bhalotra, S., 2003). Demand side determinants are the factors which encourage an employer to employ children into labour work. While, supply side determinants are the factors which induce the parents or head of the households to make a decision about the exploitation of children s time into labour work. Demand side determinants of child labour are the composition of labour market, the current production technology, the weak law-making or weak implementation of legislation, childrens beneficial features for a specific work, small amount paid to children with extra working hours, and little bargaining power of children. In contrast, the supply side determinants of child labour origin from the household background. These include a range of socio-economic variables such as poverty, lack of educational and public facilities, unemployment of adults, and population pressure. These variables are associated with the decision making of the household to send the children to work. 5.0 Curbing the Child Labour in Africa: A Few Recommendations on Development Policy for Human Capital Improvement Most countries in Africa prohibited the employ of children in economic activities, especially the worst form of child labour. This was due to its bad consequences of the children in their present and future time. However, most of law enforcement failed to curb child labour. Labour intensive industries and agricultural sectors will always welcome a huge demand for cheap labour, in other word, child workers. Moreover, parents are willingly to send their children working to increase household income in order to survive in poverty stricken. Drawing upon the historical experience of several countries, both economic factors and legal restrictions played a role in reducing child labour, although legislation appears to have been less significant. I suggested that banning child labour through law enforcement and legislation is an inappropriate action. This is because this action will reduce the welfare of people. The primary purpose of working is to earn money, to earn living. Parents submitt ed their children to labour work to help families income, to maintain their life survival. After studying the conditions child labour in several African countries, I would like to suggest some development policies that can be implemented by their governments in order to curb child labour, then improving the welfare of children in order to develop high human capital in Africa in the future. Those recommended policies are: 5.1 Reducing Household Poverty The first and major cause of child labour is poverty. Absolute poverty as a synonym for extreme poverty is the lack of enough resources (such as financial resources) to ensure of obtaining basic life necessities. The poverty is concerned with the income level of the household. A strong negative relationship exists between child labour and total income of a household. The additional level of income will reduce the probability of a child to work. Most of the incident of child labour as a parental decision, where parents will only send their children to work when compelled to do so by poverty stricken. Therefore, when parents income surpasses some threshold, parents tend to withdraw the children out of labour market (Basu, K. Van, P. H., 1998). A historical analysis has shown that the decline of child labour was highly associated with the rise of married womens participation in the labour force (Cunningham, H., 2000). This is because the rise of married womens participation in the labo ur force had caused the childrens contribution (income) to the economy of the working class family become less significant. I would like to suggest for governments to implement the minimum wage legislation on adults. The increase in adults wage will decrease the population of child in labour market since fewer children in a family will have to work. The increase in income by implementing the minimum wage legislation will reduce the frequency of child labour. Therefore, the implementation of minimum wage laws policy in African countries is an appropriate action in checking the stagnation of child labour. I would like to recommend for the government to increase employment opportunities for women. Government ought to stimulate sectors of economies that highly associated with women, such as laundry, cleaning, cooking, and sewing. Poor families must also be allowed to have loan from financial institution, so that they will have opportunities to start their own businesses and economic activities. This will be an embarkment of a large scale poverty alleviation program and target income support, in purpose to keep children away from work market and attending schools. 5.2 Providing Better Quality of Education for Children Evidence from communities areas in Ghana showed that the incidence of high childrens employment and the low school enrolment is caused by the bad quality of education (Ray, R., 2002). This has led to the lack of importance of education for children as viewed by most parents. The likelihood of full-time school attending could be increased by reducing the cost of schooling. The expansion of school allocation by government, which reduces the opportunity-cost of schooling, would decrease the number of working children, but attending school (Cigno, A., Rosati, F. C. Tzannatos, Z., 2002). I would like to advise for the government that the education policies should aim to improve the quality of schooling, and expansion in schooling subsidy must prove impressive in order to encourage parents keeping their children in schools rather than submitting them employed. Government policies should center on improving school infrastructure facilities and quality of schooling especially in rural areas. The quality of education will determine the parents awareness concerning the education route as a way to advance life status. The low quality of education will dispute the need of schooling for their children if to have a promising future with a stable and well-paid job. This kind of judgment is normally found among people communities with low income level because their occupations are commonly requiring no formal education attainment, but basic skills as a cheap labour. I would like to put forward for the reduction of costs of schooling. This is purposely to reduce opportunity cost of schooling, in term of payment (salary) obtained from working children. Scholarships for schooling students should not for only school tuition fees, but must cover other benefits, such as school accessories like school uniforms and free meals in order to make education more attractive. The school enrolment, especially primary school enrolment is most essential for children to ensure of obtaining basic and necessary education before jumping into the higher stages of education. Students who are obliged to attend a longer years of education by compulsory education laws will make higher wages in their future as compared to others with less years of education. Therefore, public investment in improving school infrastructure will give rise to a significant beneficial effect to born better educated labour force in the future with higher productivity to the society. 5.3 Controlling the Family Size through Policies Among fifteen countries with highest fertility rate in the world, the fourteen of them are belonged to African countries (United Nations, 2007). The high fertility and birth rate each year had caused to the large family size in Africa. And, the larger the number of children, so then the larger the total cost of living and rearing children. The big number of siblings had forced the elder siblings to working, instead of attending school. According to a study, this additional work increases with the number of younger siblings and the spacing between siblings. Because family sizes raise, the additional work for elder siblings will significantly be increased to help additional households income (Edmonds, E. V., 2006). I would like to advocate for the government of those African countries to implement the one or two-child policy in their countries. This is purposely to decrease fertility rate in those countries. This policy can be adopted from the China one-child policy introduced in 1978. It was created by the Chinese government to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China. After the introduction of the one-child policy, the fertility rate in China fell from over three births per woman in 1980 to approximately 1.8 births in 2008. In my point of view, the controlling of family size will reduce the total cost of rearing many children in a family. This will increase disposable income in a family, in which this income can be saved for future use and to finance good quality education for children. The government must promise a direct benefit for the only first one or two children in the family, such as free schooling or educational subsidies. This family size control may promise a better quality of children with high human capital, even with smaller numbers, rather than having a large number of children but with low human capital. This not only improve the welfare of each children, but also give to human capital improvement in Africa, and thus in long-term will bring about healthier economic development. 5.4 Introducing Modern Labour-Saving Technologies into Economic Sectors The major characteristic of labour markets in most developing countries is a high proportion of employment of unskilled labour force in the informal sectors. This trait has led to a creation of large labour intensive market space with low-level of technology that encourages the demand for children to become labour force (Edmonds, E. V, 2003; Dinopoulos, E. Zhao, L., 2007). Thus, the level of technology in an economy will determine both the supply and demand for child labour. I would like to suggest that the introduction and adoption of modern labour-saving technologies as a tool to inhibit child labour. At a distance from raising agricultural productivity, the adoption of modern labour-saving technologies could free children from repetitive working duties in agriculture and thus increase their chances of attending school. Therefore, policies and programmes that promote the adoption of land and modern labour-saving technologies should be listed as policy tools to curb child labour in the African countries. The introduction of new technologies such as mechanization or automation in industries, and the use of improved strains and fertilizers in agricultural sector will reduce the demand for unskilled child labour. A study had also found that the returns to education will also increase because people understand the need for higher education attainment to fulfill the high demand for high-skilled labour. (Cigno, A., Rosati, F. C. Tzannatos, Z., 2002). Thus, t his will discourage the supply of child labour. This low motivation of supplying child labour and low interest to employ unskilled labour will further the declining of children exploitation into economic activities. In my opinion, from the technological perspective, it should be noticed that childrens participation are unnecessary in the process of industrialisation because child workers keep low human capital stock. In addition to the least developed African countries, in most industries where children work, there are existing technologies that being utilised in developed countries. Thus, the employment of these modern technologies by African countries would replace tasks performed by child labour, and finally reduce child employment in productive economic activities. I would also like to advise the African countries to welcome globalisation in their economic policies. The accepting of globalisation will improve capital market through foreign direct investment (FDI), and will generate technological and knowledge spillover. This will help introducing new modern labour-saving technologies as a tool to improve economic sectors, and at the same time will inhibit child labour. This is according to a study which had found that the forces of globalisation can curb the phenomenon of child labour through the trade policies that beneficial for modern sector, and the increase in FDI in modern sector that will reduce the demand of child labour without deteriorating the wage-income distribution. (Dinopoulos, E. Zhao, L., 2007).

Rational Unified Process :: essays research papers

Introduction This paper has the intention to explain what Rational Unified Process (RUP) is like an IBM product and a CASE tool. After is explained what phases it has, what are the most common extensions thus what are its workflows more used. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a software design method created by the Rational Software Corporation and now is part of IBM developer software. This paper describes how to deploy software effectively. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) use commercially proven techniques, and is a heavy weight process, and hence particularly applicable to larger software development teams working on large projects. Rational Unified Process (RUP) Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an object-oriented and Web-enabled program development methodology. RUP would be taken like an online mentor that provides guidelines, templates, and examples for all aspects and stages of program development. RUP is a comprehensive software engineering tool that combine the procedural aspects of development (such as defined stages, techniques, and practices) with other components of development (such as documents, models, manuals, code, and so on) within a unifying framework. The RUP defines the following guidelines and templates for team members to follow during a product’s lifecycle: Develop Software Iteratively Given the time, it takes to develop large sophisticated software systems it not possible to define the problem and build the solution in a single step. Requirements will often change throughout a projects development, due to architectural constraints, customer’s needs or a greater understanding of the original problem. Iteration allows greater understanding of a project through successive refinements and addresses a projects highest risk items at every stage of its lifecycle. Ideally each iteration ends up with an executable release – this helps reduce a projects risk profile, allows greater customer feedback and help developers stay focused. Manage Requirements A documentation framework is essential for any large project; hence, RUP describes how to document functionality, constraints, design decisions and business requirements. Use Cases and Scenarios, are examples of artifacts prescribed by the process and have been found to be very effective at both capturing functional requirements and providing coherent threads throughout the development and deployment of the system. Use component based architecture Component Based Architecture creates a system that is easily extensible, promotes software reuse and intuitively understandable. A component often relates to an object in Object Orientated Programming. The RUP provides a systematic way to build this kind of system, focusing on producing an early executable architecture before committing full resources on a project.

Nestle Operations

THE NESTLE STORY Nestle S. A. the present Switzerland based international food group, originally consisted of two companies and two products: Henri Nestle and his baby food in Vevey, and the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk company and its condensed Milk Company and its condensed milk in Cham, both in Switzerland. In 1866 the Page Brothers form the United States set up a new industry in Cham, making condensed milk from a raw material that was available in abundance in the region. In 1867 Henri Nestle a chemist in Vevey, created a milk and cereal based food for babies.The companies competed vigorously until 1905, when they merged and became the starting point of the present food group.MEANING OF NESTLE: Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird protecting her young, became the Company's logo and a symbol of the Company's care and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense o f family that are so essential to life.BRIEF HISTORY OF NESTLE: 1866 -1905In the 1860s Henri Nestle, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. 1905-1918 In 1905 Nestle merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain.. 1918 -1938 . The 1920s saw Nestle's first expansion into new products, with chocolate the Company's second most important activity. 1938 -1944 Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in 1938 to $6 million in 1939.Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the Company's newest product, Nescafe, which was a staple drink of the US military.. 1944 -1975 In 1947 came the merger with Magi seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oreal in 1974. 1975 -1981 Nestle made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.. 1981 -1996Nestle divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984, Nestle's improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. 1996+ The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestle: trade barriers crumbled and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996 there have been acquisitions including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Pet foods (1998) and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002: in July, Nestle merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August, a USD 2. 6bn acquisition was announced of Chef America, Inc NESTLE TODAY Nestle is now the world’s largest food company. It is present on five continents, has an annual turnover 70 billion Swiss francs ,runs 522 factories in 81 countries, 200operating companies, 1basic research center and 20 technological development group and more than 231,000 employees the world over. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of   Africa America Asia Europe OceaniaBeing a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains sensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the well being of its consumers.MISSION STATEMENT Nestle, believe that research can help them make better food so that people live a better life. Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. Nestle strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological needs.In addition to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, Nestle products bring consumers the vital ingredients of tas te and pleasure. As consumers continue to make choices regarding foods and beverages they consume, Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. Research is a key part of heritage at Nestle and an essential element of future. There is still much to discover about health, wellness and the role of food in lives, and continue to search for answers to bring consumers Good Food for Good LifeVISION STATEMENTThe Nestle global vision is to be the leading health, wellness, and Nutrition Company in the world.NESTLE BRANDS At Nestle, products are developed keeping consumers, their preferences and health in mind. Millions of consumers the world over trust Nestle products for good reason: when they choose a Nestle product they have the satisfaction of choosing quality, taste, variety, convenience and the good nutrition. With over 140 years of experience and expertise, Nestle take great pride in bringing us a portfolio of health and wellness because happy, he althy consumers are important to Nestle.The ten principles of business operations Nutrition, Health and Wellness Nestle core aim is to enhance the quality of consumers’ lives every day, everywhere by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. Nestle express this viatheir corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. Guided by their commitment to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, they work to increase the nutritional value of their products while also improving taste and enjoyment. Nestle also develop brand communication and information that encourages and empowers onsumers to make informed choices about their diet. Quality assurance and product safety Everywhere in the world, the Nestle name represents a promise to the consumer that the product is safe and of high standard. Nestle commitment is never to compromise on the safety of any product. Their Quality Policy summarizes the essentials of their passion for excellence:to build trust by offering products and services that match consumer expectation and preference;to comply with all internal and external food safety, regulatory and quality requirements.Quality is everybody’s commitment. Nestle continuously challenge theirselves in order to constantly improve and achieve the highest levels of quality. It maintain the same high food safety standards in all countries in which they operate. They ensure the delivery of high quality products through their Quality Management System. Consumer communication Nestle is committed to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets.They respect consumer privacy. Their core business strategy is built around helping consumers to have a balanced, healthier diet. The Nestle Consumer Communication Principles contain mandatory rules on marketing communication to all consumers, including accurate representation and portrayal of foods in a way that does not encourage over? consumption. In addition, specific principles guide their communication to children including no advertising or marketing activity to children under 6 years of age.Advertising to children from 6 to 12 years is restricted to products that meet predetermined nutritional profiling criteria, including clear limits on energy and healthsensitive ingredients such as sugars, salt, saturated fat and trans fatty acids. Human rights in business activities Nestle fully support the United Nations Global Compact’s (UNGC) guiding principles on human rights and labor and aim to provide an example of good human rights and labor practices throughout nestle business activities.Leadership and personal responsibility Nestle success is based on their people. It treat each other with respect and dignity and expect everyone to promote a sense of personal responsibility. Nestle recruit competent and motivated people who respect their values, provide equal opportunities for their development and advancement, protect their privacy and do not tolerate any form of harassment or discrimination. Nestle Management and Leadership PrinciplesNestle Management and Leadership Principles describe the culture and basic values they expect their employees to uphold, as well as the attributes needed to be successful in management and leadership Safety and health at work Nestle is committed to preventing accidents, injuries and illness related to work, and to protect employees, contractors and others involved along the value chain. Nestle Policy on Safety and Health at Work establishes safety as a non-negotiable priority of their culture.They recognize and require that everyone play an active role in providing a safe and healthy environment, and promote awareness and knowledge of safety and health to employees, contractors and other people related to or impacted by their business activities by setting high standards. Nestle monitor their performance t hrough the Nestle Occupational Safety and Health Management System to assure a safe and healthy life. Supplier and customer relations Nestle require their suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness, and to adhere to their non-negotiable standards.In the same way, they are committed to their own customers. The Supplier Code includes requirements such as business integrity, sustainable operating and agricultural practices, labor standards, safety, health and environmental . practices. Agriculture and rural development Nestle contribute to improvements in agricultural production, the social and economic status of farmers, rural communities and in production systems to make them more environmentally sustainable.To ensure that their factories obtain raw materials competitively and at required quality and safety specifications Nestle engage in developing sustainable agricultural practices and systems that contribute to long-term pr oduction efficiency, viable incomes for farmers and the transfer of agricultural knowledge to suppliers;Nestle support the application of new technologies and advances in agricultural science, including the opportunities offered by bioscience when their positive effect on food safety, environment, agricultural practices and production efficiency are scientifically confirmed and accepted by consumers. Environmental sustainability Nestle commit themselves to environmentally sustainable business practices.At all stages of the product life cycle they strive to use natural resources efficiently, favor the use of sustainably managed renewable resources, and target zero waste. They invest continuously to improve their environmental performance. Water Nestle is committed to the sustainable use of water and continuous improvement in water management. It recognize that the world faces a growing water challenge and that responsible management of the world’s resources by all water users is an absolute necessity. Water is a particular area of focus for Nestle. The Nestle Commitments on Water set out their priorities nd objectives on responsible water usage. These are to continue their efforts to reduce the amount of water used in their operations, ensure that activities respect local water resources, ensure that the water they discharge into the environment is clean, engage with suppliers to promote water conservation, especially among farmers, and reach out to others on water conservation and access. Nestle is a founding signatory of the United Nations Global Compact CEO Water Mandate. It monitor and improve water efficiency through their water resources management specialists and in their factories with their environmental Nestle specialists n line with the Nestle Environmental Management System. It recognize the right of all people to have access to clean water to meet their basic needs.SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: The first and the most important strength of Nestle is the name of company itself. They never compromise on quality. They produce quality products according to the specification of customer. Their system of sale & sale promotion is also one of the strength of Nestle. In the area in which they want to sell the product they hold seminars and shows. In this area they monitor the sale and increase the production.They try to convince ultimate consumer. The milk collection procedure of Nestle is also one of its strength. They collect milk from selected people and check its purity at the location. Then special trucks take it to factory. Where they boil milk at 140 degree centigrade and then cool it. This process is repeated for 3 to 4 times. There milk contains 3. 5% fat, which is recommended internationally. Weaknesses: One of the weakness of nestle is the product range of Nestle. As there product line is very vast, so they cannot give equal attention toward the promotion of each product.We can take the example of candies produced by Nest le, they give absolutely no attention toward promoting them despite the fact that if we consider the trust people have on nestle brand there is a large market for candies, While they are promoting their milk products effectively. The reason behind this discrepancy is that they have limited budget to promote their products. The other weakness of Nestle is that the company has a very limited number of sales staff in the southern Punjab due to which they are losing some market. Opportunities: Nestle can increase their share if they focus on lower middle class.We can take the example of small pack of Every Day tea whitener whose introduction increases the sales of nestle tremendously. The reason for this was that the price of Every Day tea whitener was with in the range of lower middle class. So, Nestle can increase its share by focusing on lower middle class. The other opportunity for Nestle is that if they introduced milk bottle like Candia and sell them directly to the customers they can increase their share. By selling directly to customers means that they provide milk to the people at their doorsteps. Threats:In Pakistan Nestle face threats from lower companies. We can take the example Haleeb and Dairy Queen. The sales of these products have badly affected the sale of Nestle Milk Pack. Haleeb is well promoted than the Nestle Milk Pak. Nestle also face threat from Cadbury, which is multinational company. Cadbury sell candies and chocolates and it affect the sale of Nestle products in the field of candies Research & Development Nestle's research and development centers have two primary objectives: to create new products and manufacturing processes and to improve those that already exist.Along with product quality and safety, the conservation of resources and the preservation of the environment form an integral part of the development criteria for new projects. Research and development encompasses a wide range of environmentally-related activities with emphasis on: ? environmentally sound production techniques and sourcing criteria for agricultural raw materials; ? processing methods that minimize water and energy consumption, as well as waste generation ? packaging designs that reduce total waste and enable environmentally sound disposal options while safeguarding product safety and quality innovative ways to recover by-products and thus generate secondary raw materials and energy. For important product or process innovation and renovation, Nestle's research and development centers prepare an environmental impact study. This covers significant aspects in the product life cycle, from the sourcing of raw materials, through processing, to the packaged consumer product and the end-life of the packaging material. This study is carefully evaluated, in conjunction with detailed information on the potential manufacturing site, to ensure that new projects meet Nestle's environmental standards.Of the 807 million Swiss francs spent in 1998 on Nestle R throughout the Group, a good part went towards enhancing the wholesomeness of our products. Additionally, these expenditures improved our production process, created better packaging, and avoided waste and unwanted residues.R IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE As an example, significant progress has been made in recent years in energy and water intensive blanching and cooking operations. At the end of these processes water must be removed which resulted in wasted energy and raw materials — vegetables or pasta for example.Now water is replaced by steam at low pressure. As a result, water consumption was reduced by 80% and product losses during cooking were more than halved. This means lower costs for energy and for wastewater treatment, while at the same time increasing the product yield by 6%. In another example, extraction residues from the production of chicory-based instant drinks, which were expensive to dispose of, have been turned into a valuable animal feed ingredient. A recent processing improvement for french fries showed product quality can be significantly improved while also saving energy.One conclusion of R is that what is good for the environment is often synonymous with good industrial practice. Preserving Species The disappearance of many species and varieties of animals and plants is a reality. Over the past few years, this issue has attracted increasing recognition and much is being done today to preserve the earth's biological diversity. Industry plays an important role in these efforts since many business sectors depend on nature's diversity for their sustainable success.Nestle, as the world's largest single buyer of coffee and cocoa, lives up to its responsibility by developing the most advanced preservation techniques for many different coffee and cocoa varieties threatened by extinction. In addition, Nestle collaborates with public research institutes to share its experience and makes its results freely available. In the future, Nestle R&D units are determined to build environmental protection into products and processes right from the start. High on the agenda are integrated farming techniques involving minimal use of fertilizers and chemicals, and ecourse to biological pest control methods whenever possible. SUPPLY CHAIN Agricultural Raw Materials In general, Nestle is not directly involved in the production of raw materials. Wherever possible, locally available raw materials are used.They are either obtained directly from producers or purchased through trade channels. Nestle applies the following principles when sourcing raw materials: ? all raw materials must meet both legal and internal quality criteria, including limits on possible environmental contaminants; ? whenever possible, preference is given to raw materials that are produced by environmentally sound farming methods (e. . integrated crop management); and; ? farmers are encouraged to apply sustainable farming methods and, where appropriate, are provided with assistance in crop production and dairy farming.Such assistance includes the provision of recommendations for the conservation of natural resources (soil, water, air, energy, bio-diversity) and techniques for reducing environmental impact. Manufacturing Manufacturing comprises all processes that are necessary to transform perishable raw materials into safe and convenient food products for consumers. Nestle strives to achieve optimal performance in its manufacturing activities, including the nvironmental aspects. As such, the manufacturing practices of the Group: ? respect natural resources by emphasizing the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy; ? ? ? minimize the use of environmentally-hazardous substances; continuously seek improvement in the efficiency of production facilities; and reduce waste generation and emissions as much as possible, consider recycling of waste a priority and dispose of non-recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner.Regular environ mental assessments of Nestle's manufacturing practices are conducted to: ? ? valuate factory performance; review factory compliance with applicable legislation and Nestle's own standards; ? fully investigate incidents that could affect the environment and take relevant measures; and ? compare results with previous targets and set new improvement objectives. In addition, Nestle exchanges information on environmental protection technology and practices in order to ensure a wide use of best practices. Nestle encourages its contract manufacturers to use environmentally sound manufacturing practices.Environmental Performance of Our Factories Minimizing the environmental impact of our factories has always been a prime onsideration. Therefore, we periodically review environmental performance of the entire Nestle Group. The results are very encouraging: ? ? Nestle has no major environmental problems. Nestle complies with relevant regulations or, in a few exceptional cases, has initiated act ion to do so. ? Measures taken are proactive and often anticipate future regulations. Many times, measures taken to improve the environment also reduce costs. These surveys also allow us to put concrete figures to our efforts: Over the past years, Nestle has invested an average of some 100 million Swiss francs per year in specific measures to protect the environment.This amounts to approximately 3% of total capital expenditure and includes only readily identifiable environmental investments. In addition, substantial amounts were expended as part of regular capital investment projects and factory environmental operating costs. Examples of these additional expenditures include environmental aspects related to factory construction and renovation, environmental training of personnel, and maintenance costs for wastewater treatment facilities.PackagingPackaging serves a major role in our daily lives. It protects food products from spoilage and ensures safety from manufacture through stora ge, distribution and consumption. Packaging may also provide tamper-evidence features. It communicates information, including nutritional information and serving instructions, and provides the convenience demanded by today's consumers. Nestle is committed to reducing the environmental impact of packaging, without jeopardizing the safety, quality or consumer acceptance of its products.It is Nestle's objective to develop safe and wholesome packaged foods using the most efficient and appropriate packaging materials available, while, at the same time, satisfying consumer requirements and expectations. Nestle seeks packaging solutions that: ? ? result in the lowest possible weight and volume of packages; take into account new packaging materials and processes that reduce the impact on the environment; ? avoid the use of substances that can adversely impact the environment during packaging production and disposal; ? ecrease packaging waste at all stages, including package manufacturing, u se and disposal; ? ? increase the use of recycled materials wherever possible; and increase the recyclability and compatibility of its packages with existing packaging waste management schemes. Regular assessments of Nestle's packaging are carried out and action plans are implemented. Nestle supports industrial and governmental efforts to promote integrated waste management that takes into consideration matters such as source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfill.Nestle encourages suppliers of its packaging materials to adopt sound environmental practices. Packaging Source Reduction Packaging waste is one environmental issue that affects the entire consumer goods industry. However, the gap is wide between reality and perception: While food packaging accounts for less than 1% of total solid waste in most countries, it is highly visible to consumers. Even if the problem of food packaging is small in relation to overall environmental problems, it is nev ertheless an important issue for Nestle. The most direct opportunity to educe the scale of the problem is to use as little material as possible. This is not a recent effort by the food industry. Over the last four decades, between the 1950s and 1990s, the weight of a glass milk bottle has been reduced by 36%, a steel food can by 66%, and an aluminium beer can by 81%. Even though packaging source reduction has always been a consideration, we decided to reinforce these efforts in a more systematic way. The first world-wide environmental packaging survey was completed in 1991 for the Nestle Group and has been repeated annually ever since.The last survey revealed that by the end of 1998, Nestle, without compromising product quality, reduced our use of packaging materials by nearly 150,000 tons compared to 1990. A few recent examples that underline Nestle's efforts: In Australia the Easter Egg Novelty cartons were reduced in size by altering the design to provide support for the egg. The new design resulted in a 31% reduction in use of paper board. In Pakistan the Nestle NIDO package, which consisted of 4 bags in a display box, was replaced by an aluminium stand-up pouch. This resulted in a 39% reduction, or 47 tons, and saves 290,000 Swiss francs per year.In Indonesia the Nestle Dancow 200 and 400g display boxes were reduced in size by 18 and 25%, respectively. This resulted in a waste reduction of 38 tons and saved nearly 100,000 Swiss francs per year. In Columbia the display box for Maggi bouillon tablets was eliminated. This resulted in a reduction of 303 tons of packaging material and represented a savings of over one million Swiss francs per year. While important progress has already been achieved, we strive to continuously identify opportunities for further reduction. Distribution Distribution of products from the factory to the customer involves transport and storage.Efficient management of the distribution system is essential to preserve the safety and qua lity of Nestle's products, to ensure a high level of customer service, and to meet its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. To this end, Nestle: ? selects appropriate transportation modes, with particular attention given to optimum unit loads (pallets), vehicle-capacity utilization, route planning, and consolidation with outside partners, scheduling, and fuel conservation; ? optimises warehouse and distribution center locations and environmentally efficient operational systems; and ? dentifies and implements measures to reduce energy consumption and waste. Nestle encourages its distribution service providers to use environmentally sound practices. Distributing our goods from factory to retail centers consumes some 400 million liters of fuel each year. While we undertake every effort to reduce this, it is useful to put this figure into perspective: the distribution of 10 kg of our products from factories to retail outlets in Europerequires an average of 0. 25 liter s of fuel. To transport the same amount from the supermarket to home, consumers burn, on average, one to two liters of fuel. Efficient Container LoadingImproving transport efficiency benefits the environment, but it also makes economic sense. Seemingly simple measures, such as replacing bulky wooden pallets by thin, carton-type slip-sheets, have the potential to save more than 600 international truck journeys a year in our European operations alone. Optimizing shipping cases to fill transport vehicles without leaving gaps between differently shaped containers, together with optimal route planning, Nestle has already achieved substantial savings. Pioneering Rail Transport In countries with competitive railways, moving goods from road to rail is an effective option to reduce road congestion.For example: ? Vittel has developed a specially adapted block train concept to supply its regional terminals in France. Vittel transports nearly half of its production, or over 930 million bottles per year, by rail. ? Our Swiss, and later the Austrian subsidiary, convinced the railways to offer overnight trains to bring goods from the national distribution centers to terminal stations for local deliveries by road. Marketing Marketing is based on the principle of satisfying consumers' needs. The overall trust of consumers in Nestle's brands and products comes from a quality image that has been continuously strengthened for over 130 years.Nestle strives to increase this trust through its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. For this reason, Nestle: ? opposes short-term, opportunistic â€Å"green marketing† that can mislead the consumer; ? bases environmental claims in advertising, promotional material, labelling, and corporate communications on solid scientific evidence; and ? selects materials and printing methods for merchandising materials such as consumer offers, in-store promotions, display materials, leaflet, and printed materials in light of env ironmental considerations.No â€Å"Green Marketing† Nestle adheres to the Code on Environmental Advertising established by the International Chamber of Commerce. This Code is based on the principle of self- regulation and self-discipline and is intended to assist companies in making responsible use of environmental claims in advertising. Sustainable Development For Nestle, respect for the environment is part of a broader perspective on sustainable development. Nestle has adhered to The Business Charter for Sustainable Development of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since its publication in 1991.Measures for environmental protection often trigger beneficial economic and social effects, and vice-versa. Since the Rio Summit in 1992, all of society, be it governments, industry, NGOs or others, have tried to translate the sustainable development concept into reality. As part of this effort, we participate in the work of several organizations dealing with this subject: F or example, we are a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in Geneva, and we contribute actively in the Working Group Sustainable Development in the City of Vevey. Nestle Working with CommunitiesSouth Africa Nestle is supporting several community-based organizations in putting sustainable development into practice. Recently, in South Africa, we have given support to Eco Link and LEAP to finance and help manage programs which clean up the environment and improve hygiene in rural areas. The Eco Link project is aimed at providing assistance through education. People are taught to collect litter such as paper, cardboard and cans, which when put in a trench and covered with a compost can then be used to plant vegetables. The litter provides the necessary drainage and moisture retention.The project has dual advantages: it cleans up the environment and provides fresh vegetables for the family, as well as providing an income when surplus food is g rown. This program is now being presented to school children who are encouraged to grow small gardens at school. In rural areas water supply is a major problem. Women can spend almost 5 hours a day collecting water for the home. In addition, the springs from which they take the water are often used by animals and can be polluted. Nestle is taking part in a project to help villagers establish a supply of clean water near to home.People were taught how to identify sources of underground springs and to channel rain water and store it in reasonably hygienic conditions. The team taught villagers how to construct a tank to catch the rain water using corrugated iron and wire mesh as a â€Å"mould† which is then plastered with a cement, stone and sand mixture. With a wooden cover on top and a tap at the base the villagers have the means to store clean, drinkable water. Information, Communication & Training Nestle provides information on its activities, including those related to the protection of the environment.Within this context, Nestle: ? communicates its environmental efforts, both inside and outside the Company, to build understanding concerning its environmental commitment; ? fosters strong environmental awareness and responsibility among its employees through training programs; and ? shares environmental information with governments, local communities, industry, consumers and other interested stakeholders. We do this through a wide variety of means. For example, our factory environmental surveys involve thousands of people at all levels, from top management to the factory floor.These practical exercises are reinforced by in-house magazines, specialized newsletters, and videos. To help educate the public, Nestle works with organizations that produce films on environmental issues, sponsor re-forestation programs, or create educational materials for the public. These activities are also important to our role in sustainable development. At our international training center in Switzerland, environmental issues are now a regular part of courses attended by Nestle's international executives. These efforts are multiplied by countless training sessions organized by our Group companies.Internal communication and training are a priority for Nestle. As a people-driven company, employees are our most important asset. Thus, we emphasize all measures that help them act in an environmentally responsible manner. Legislation Nestle complies with all laws and regulations which apply to its activities, including those involving the environment. To promote an effective regulatory system with respect to the environment, Nestle: ? participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, the scientific community, and consumer associations; ? ? supports appropriate voluntary initiatives designed to protect the environment; fosters rational environmental laws and regulations; opposes unjustified prohibitions and other discriminatory measures; and ? favors the harmonizing of environmental laws, regulations and standards in order to eliminate existing and future trade barriers. Nestle Environmental Management System Nestle has made systematic efforts to account for environmental concerns of all its activities.In particular, we have appointed environmental officers, issued policies, conducted environmental surveys, reinforced training efforts, developed environmental communications, and made many innovations in our packaging. To complement and integrate these efforts, we created and implemented Nestle's own Environmental Management System. The Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) is an essential corporate management tool that consolidates all organizational and technical measures taken by the Group to achieve environmentally sound business practices.The NEMS objectives include the following: ? to provide a systematic approach that ensures compliance with N estle's environmental policy, applicable legislation and Nestle's operational standards; ? to ensure the continuous improvement of Nestle's environmental performance, for example, through the conservation of natural resources and minimizing waste; ? to achieve compatibility with international voluntary standards on environmental management systems, such as ISO 14001 and the European Union Eco-Management and Audit Scheme; and ? o build mutual trust with consumers, governmental authorities and business partners. The Nestle Environmental Management System is being implemented throughout Nestle's entire operation. We believe NEMS will enhance our global performance and contribute to our competitiveness in the world market. NEMS in Action: Germany First EMAS Registration of a Nestle Factory at Weiding, Germany On December 19, 1995, our factory in Weiding, Germany became the first Nestle factory in Europe to be registered in the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).This means t hat Weiding's environmental management system and public environmental statement have been examined and validated by an external, accredited verifier. Weiding Factory Greatly Reduced Disposed Waste Even Prior to EMAS Employing around 900 people and producing more than 550 high-value products ranging from infant foods to condensed milk to chilled deserts, the Weiding factory is one of largest plants in Germany. The existence of a comprehensive waste management scheme at the factory was of great assistance in developing the new environmental management system.As part of the development of the environmental management system, environmental manuals were prepared both for the factory and Nestle Germany. These manuals provide the foundation of the system setting policies, principles, and management procedures related to the environmental aspects of the operations. In addition, a site-related environmental statement was published that included an â€Å"invitation to dialogue† addres sed to employees, authorities, clients, suppliers, the media, and neighboring communities. The EMAS registration has been successfully repeated in 1998 and complemented with an ISO 14001 ertification. Following Weiding, several other Nestle factories throughout the world have succeeded in obtaining ISO 14001 certification and EMAS registration. NEMS in Action: USA In 1996, the Danville, Virginia, USA factory was the first Nestle US factory to fully implement NEMS – which is based on and consistent with ISO 14001 Danville has shown that good environment is also good business. In the first year of implementing NEMS, the factory reduced solid waste by over 10% resulting in savings of $370,000 and reduced its wastewater impact and concentrations by 8%.These successes were made possible through the dedication of the factory employees and a strong emphasis on training and awareness. The factory implemented an environmental training program as part of the new employee orientation an d the semiannual environmental training for all employees. Waste Reduced Through NEMS NEMS Supports the Environment and Business Cumulative Savings The continuing nature of NEMS has facilitated similar accomplishments annually. To date, factory savings related to NEMS have exceeded $800,000 and solid wastes have been reduced by 41%.NEMS in Action: Philippines Part of NEMS is ensuring a high degree of employee environmental awareness. As an example, Nestle Philippines, in implementation of NEMS, prepared through an interdisciplinary task force, a highly regarded environmental training program. This program is continuously provided to groups of employees and highlights specific issues related to their job functions and protection of the environment. The success of this program is evidenced by the numerous awards received by Nestle Philippines manufacturing facilities.Most notable of these are: ? â€Å"Outstanding Healthy Workplace Award† given by government agencies including t he Department of Health, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Department of Labor and Employment, to the Cabuyao and Lipa Factories in 1998. ? â€Å"Mother Nature Award† given by the Pollution Control Association of the Philippines in 1998. ? â€Å"Anvil Award of Excellence† given by the Public Relations Society of the Philippines for Nestle's efforts in enhancing the environmental awareness of the public. â€Å"Most Environment-Friendly Company† Award given by the Laguna Lake Development Authority to three Nestle factories (Cabuyao, Aurora, and Alabang) in 1996. ? One of the â€Å"Greenest Company† Awards given by the DENR to the Aurora factory in 1996. The water discharge from these facilities is of very high quality. Tilapia, a fresh water fish, often harvested for food, abundantly grows in the clarifying ponds and discharge canals of their treatment facilities. Nestle Pakistan Nestle MilkPak Limited (NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.L) was incor porated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 & listed on Karachi and Lahore stock exchanges since 1980. Joint venture between Nestle Switzerland and MilkPak Limited came about in 1988. Nestle Pure Life was launched in Pakistan in 1998 REGIONAL SALES OFFICES Nestle has 10 Regional Sales Offices in all over the Pakistan. : Karachi F – 77/1, Block 7,Clifton, KDA Scheme 5,Karachi, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (021) 5833935-6 Fax: (021) 5833937 Hyderabad 178, Block C, Unit 2Latifabad, Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (0221) 860403Fax: (0221) 863202 Sukkur F – 33/5 – CWorkshop RoadSukkur, Sind, Pakistan.Phone: (071) 615946Fax: (071) 615946 Lahore 29-B, Main Gulberg,Lahore, Punjab, PakistanPhone: (042) 5754335-6, 5761484Fax: (042) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,8 24328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711820 Faisalabad House No. 4-Y-103 Madina Town,Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (041)726993Fax: (041) 47438 Gujranwala Plot No: 144-A, First Floor Satellite-Town Market, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Phone: (055) 3733415 Fax: (055) 3733415 Peshawar 201, 2nd Floor, City Tower, Jamrud Road, B Block,Peshawar, N. W. F. P. , Pakistan Phone: (091) 840859, 842415Fax: (091)45516 Multan Surij Miani Road, Chungi No. ,Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (061) 515061Fax: (061) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,824328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711 SALES ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY Managing Director IAN Donald Sales Director Zafar Hussain Shah Zonal Sales Manager Ammad MalikRegional Sales Manager Abdul Mateen Khan Area Sales Manager 6 ASM Territory Incharge TI 14 Order Booker FACTORIES 250 Nestle has two factories in Pakistan for the production of different food items. One in Sheikhupura near Lahore and other in Kabirwala near Multan Product Design Product design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service The Nestle Pure Life water bottles themselves have a shaped design, sort of a hour-glass shape with larger top and bottom with indented waist.The bottom 1/3 of the bottle has ridged lines to help with hold and grip on the bottle There is a bright blue label strip that runs around Unique bottle design, developed by designer’s team, catchy self-adhesive and glossy labe l, and trendy name, give to the product the edge that is needed to be spotted on the shelves INFLUENCES UPON DESIGN ? Service Expected. ? Appearance ? Shipping Costs ? Cost to Manufacture ? consumer preferences Nestle Milkpak Ltd. As a consequence of joint venture arrangement between NestleS. A. of Switzerland and Milkpak Ltd.In 1988, the existing production facility of Milkpak in Sheikhupura became a part of Nestle Milkpak. The Milkpak Sheikhupura factory had commenced operations in1981 as a producer of UHT milk. By 1988, it had expanded its operation and was also producing butter, cream, Desi ghee – all under the brand name of MILKPAK and juice drinks under the brand name FROST. Conscious of the large food market that Pakistan offered, Nestle Milkpak drew up ambitious expansion plans. While re-organizing and re-enforcing the production of existing brands, it lost no time in giving shape to new production lines.The first to come was a milk powder plant, which not only began producing NIDO in 1990but was also critical to the production of several milk-based products in the future. With the installation of the roller dryer in1990, the first such product to come was CERELAC – an internationally recognized brand on infant cereal, followed by LACTOGEN 1 & 2 in 1991. The year 1992 saw the introduction of tea whitener EVERYDAY and milk powder in bulk packing named GLORIA. MILO and NESLAC came under production in 1994 and MILO RTD, In 1995. Local packing of coffee mixes under the name of NESCAFE 3 in 1commenced the same year.In 1996, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. first confectionery plant of POLO Mint was installed and the line of NESTL’E PURE ORANGE JUICE was also added. Packaging of coffee under the brand name NESCAFE CLASSIC was under taken the same year. In 1997 NESTL’E WHEAT and two variants of POLO viz. strawberry and Orange were introduced. 1998 has been, by far, the most outstanding year for Nestle Milkpak. As a result of the timely implemen tation of major expansion plans, involving a substantial capital outlay, no less than 17 products were launched during the year.Significantly, the factory now houses three new flavors of POLO in addition to two flavors of POLO, namely Black current and Strong Mint brought the number of POLO variants to five. A new variant Lemony was added to the range of popular FROST fruit drink flavors and a new 1-liter packing of FROST was introduced. Three flavored milk – Vanilla, Strawberry and Mango, under the brand FRESH & FRUITY, came under production on the new Tetra Filling Machine equipped with the modern â€Å"slim† format. MILO RTD and UHT Cream were also shifted over to this new format.A flexible confectionery line for the manufacture of a wide range of high and low boiled sweets and toffees was commissioned, with TOFFO and two variants of SOOTHERS – Menthol Eucalyptus and Honey Lemon, being the maiden products. Nestle Milkpak also contracted to supply dairy mixes to McDonald’s, for its popular soft serves and milk shakes. And to top it all, the most prestigious project, NESTLE PURE LIFE was also commissioned in December1998. based on the latest water treatment and bottling technology, this marked the entry of Nestle Milkpak in the Pakistan water market.In the past, Indus Fruit Products Ltd. has been co-processing fruit pulping for Nestle Milkpak. In view of the growing needs of fruit pulp for its products as well as for exports, Nestle Milk pak entered into a 5-year lease agreement with the management enables Nestle Milkpak to put in place its own systems to ensure better product quality and capacity utilization. The new cold sauces production line has been established at this plant. ESTABLISHMENT OF NESTLE MILKPAK, KABIRWALA FACTORY In 1986 Milkpak Ltd. acquired the services of Kabirwala Dairy Ltd. For co packing of UHT milk under the brand name MILKPAK.Nestle Milkpak acquired KDL in 1990 as a subsidiary and began installation on a M AGGI NOODLES plant in 1991. this production line became operational in 1992 with two flavors: Chicken and Masala. This second milk powder plant was commissioned in September 1996. the plant produces NIDO, GLORIA and skim milk powder. The UHT line was discontinued in June 1996 and the same year witnessed the launching of the MAGGI YAKHNI linewith 3 flavors: Chicken, Masala and Chatpata. With the merger of this factory with Nestle Milkpak in April 1997,Kabirwala Factory, as it is now called, is a fully owned unit of Nestle Milkpak Ltd.In February 1999 the newly installed evaporator came on stream in Kabirwala Factory, doubling the output of the spray dryer. Alongside, the warehouse capacity at Kabirwala to handle the increased volumes of finished products was proportionately increased. 1999 also saw the installation of a pouch-filling machine, making Kabirwala Factory independent from Sheikhupura . YEAR 1981 1983 1986 UHT Milk Butter Milk Desi Frost PRODUCT NAME Pak Cream Ghee Juice M ilk Pak UHT Milk 1990 Nido Cerelac 1991 Nestum Lectogen 1992 Everyday Gloria Maggis Noodles Tea Whitener 1994 Milo Neslac 1996Nestea Polo Nescafe Classic Maggi Yakhni 1997 Nestle Wheat 1998 Toffo Soothers Nestle Pure Life 1999 Maggi Fruit Butter Skotch Sauces Drops 2001 Nescafe Creamy Flavors Cream milk powder Nestle Milkpak Ltd. Market Leader Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is the market leader in food and beverage industry. They are producing high quality well known brands. There is no such competitor that can compete Nestle Milkpak Ltd . in its total product mix. There are a few local competitors of the company in different product item. These competitors are: Rafhan Rafhan is competing Nestle in infant and follow up cereals.Shezan and Bambino Shezan and Bambino is competing Nestle Milkpak’s local brand â€Å"Frost†. CDL and Adar-e-kisan: These two competitors are competing in milk and milk powder products. In spite of this competition, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is enjoying about 70- 75% market share in Pakistan. DIVISIONS OF NESTLE MILK PAK ltd. Production Division Quality asst Department Brand wise production departments Marketing Division Customer Relation Department Distribution Department Research & Development Milk Collection Division Agriculture service Department Logistic Department HR Division Personnel departmentFinance Division Treasury department OBJECTIVES OF NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ? The major objective of the company is to sell high quality, innovative and superior products which satisfy needs and wants of consumers. ? ? Nestle not maximize profit through high market share but use satisfaction of consumer. The health of consumer and employees is at primary priorities ? Nestle provide the pollution free enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ent and provide the medical facilities ? ? Nestle establish policies, programs and practices to conduct operation in an enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ntally sound manner. Nestle operate to achieve highest standard of ethical conduc t, which acquire company’s activities and relationship world-wide in each business sector. ? Nestle aim to deal only with reputable suppliers who willing to apply Nestle Quality Standard. ? Nestle has been committed to enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. entally sound business practices throughout the world. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. The top management of Nestle MilkPak continuously carries on environmental scanning and within the environmental trends.Opportunities & opportunities they carry on required adjustments in their organization to remain variable and to survive in the face of competition. CORE COMPETENCIES Nestle Milk Pak has the following core competencies. WORK FORCE Nestle Milk Pak has a small work force as their most of the operations are automated. They have a very skillful and trained workforce. FACILITIES The NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ’s facilities i. e. offices stores and plants are very well located and have the requisite capabilities, which is a big c ompetitive advantage for them.SYSTEM AND TECHNOLOGY Nestle Milkpak ltd. is an organization which heavily depends upon new systems and technologies to excel in the market. The organization is well equipped with new developed systems and technologies especially in their operations COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES Following are the competitive priorities of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. Consistent quality Development speed Volume flexibility QUALITY Quality is the cone competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. They take quality in two ways. High performance design and consistent quality. CONSISTENT QUALITYNESTLE MILKPAK LTD. pays special attention for maintaining consistent quality. They have special sort of equipments and process which facilitates in maintaining a consistent quality. So the each and every unit of its product equally satisfies its customers. DEVELOPMENT SPEED As for as develop speed is concerned NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. is the industry leader not only in Pakistan but all over the world. Th ey have a team of very innovative people which consistently focus on the development of new products and to improve the already existing products. VOLUME FLEXIBILITYVolume flexibility is one of the competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. When the availability of Milk is high in winter season they increase their production as the milk cannot be stored for longer period of time. In season when there is shortage of milk their production rate dropped. So they can adjust their volume of production according to their requirements. FLOW STRATEGY Flow strategy is one of the primary element of operations strategy. Based on competitive priorities a flow strategy is selected. It specifies has the operations system to be organized and handled.For different set of products different flow strategies can be implemented. LINE FLOW STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has adopted the line flow strategy here the system is organized around the product. In this strategy all products follow linear pattern in facility. NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has high volume production with highly automated facility and huge capital investment is there and the standardized products they produce. So they follow the line strategy. STRATEGIES BASED ON FLOW Following are the flow based strategies adopted by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. MAKE TO STOCK STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ollows the make to stock strategy. They have high volume production and the demand for their products can be forecasted quite well, there exist repetition of work and a consistent quality is maintained all these priorities lead to make to stock strategy. STANDARDIZED SERVICE STRATEGY The products which are provided by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. are standardized. Therefore the standardized service strategy also exist in NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. Ltd. They have standardized and consistent quality products. PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk Collection & Reception Storing Standardization De-CreamingCooling Spray drying Evaporation Pasteurization Packing MILK COLLECTION Milk Collection system of Industry is excellent. According to this system the companies’ trucks reach 140000 milkmen and collect milk daily. The milkmen provide milk on contract basis. Prices of milk vary in case of self-collection and contract basis. On milk center price of milks is paid at Rs. 5. 80 per liter at 6% Fats. If the quality of fat is less than required 6% then price will be paid less proportionately. Percentage of FAT in Various Kinds of Milk. Buffalo 6% Fat Cow 3. 5% Goat 3% Sheep 6% Human 3. 5%At milk collection centers, Gerber Test in done for the determination of Fat. Companies are bounded to maintain 3. 5%Fats under pure Food Laws. It is legal requirement throughout the world Milk collection system of Nestle Milk Pak is excellent. According to this system milk is collected from area of about 72,000 km . Village Milk centers Sub centers Main Centers 2273 583 23 On milk centers price of milk is paid according to percentage offers. If the quality of fat is les s than required (6%) than price will be paid accordingly. At milk collection centers, gerber test is performed for determination of fat.In milk collection centers temperature of milk is kept at 4oC. Nestle purchase milk directly few frames, there is no middle man. Collection Areas are in all over Punjab Nestle Milk Pak divide the areas in following Categories: ? ? ? ? Sahiwal, Burewala, Okara etc. Pindi Bhattian, Chaniot, Sarghoda Kabir Wala, Mian Channu, Shorkot, Kahane wal, Kacha KHU Bahawalpur , Bahawalnagar, Chistian, Ahmadpur There are Area collection managers, Milk collection Cocoordinators and Milk Collection Supervisors in each Area for collection of specific amount of Milk in specific time. RECEPTIONFrom milk collection centers milk is collected and delivered to factory daily seal of tankers are properly decided. Receiving capacity of milk is 60,000 liters. At reception following tests are performed before storing milk to assure the quality of milk. 1. Alcohol precipitation test 2- Clot an boiling 3- Fat (5. 8% – 6%) 4- SNF (Solid non fat) (8. 5-8. 9) 5- PH test (6. 8 – 6. 9 Up to reception temp of milk is about 8-10oC, there is no rejection on temperature basis. Trollers are not preferred to stay more than 1. 75 Hrs. in factory so that they can in time collect milk for next day.STORING OF MILK Milk is stored in storage tanks called Silos. The capacity to store milk is 596 tons. There are 5 Silos of100 tons each, 2 Silos of 10 tons each, 1 Silo of 70 tons. Milk can be stored for 36 Hours in Silos. STANDARDIZATION All the animals have different composition of fats in their milk indifferent seasons. Standardize milk according to the recipe milk is given temperature of 72oC for 15 seconds to reduce bacteria’s in milk, this process is called thermization life of milk is increased by this process and in standardization composition of fats and SNF are standardized.DE-CREAMING In this process dirt particles, SNF and cream is separated, m ilk is given temp of 60oC and 60,000 rpm in de-creamer. So that dirt particles cream can be separated. Cream is send to butter section. Dirt is drained after 30 seconds milk is send for further processes. PASTEURIZATION In This Process milk is heated at 92 oC for 5 seconds to remove remaining bacteria’s. Milk powder process activities After pasteurization milk to treated for conversion into powder, following activities are performed to milk: Evaporation a) Low heat treatment Milk is heated at high pressure of 889 milli bar so that it start boiling at about 70 oC . (b)4-effect falling film Milk is evaporated in 4 effect system. Milk is evaporated about 56%, 62%, 67% and 75% after 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th effect respectively. After 3rd effect Homogenization is done which uneven composition of fats and SNF is homogenized Spray drying In this process there are 5 lateral high pressure nozzles which exert high pressure on milk after that there which exert high pressure on milk after tha t there are about 50% water and 50%solids are remained in milk.After this step about 320oC hot air is thrown on milk, it is very quick process in which powder settle in base and moisture evaporate in forms of vapors. Central lecithination Lecithinate is sprayed on powder so that it is converted into highly dissolvable powder. That way Nestle Milk Pak say â€Å" Nido is instant Milk† (easily dissolvable in hot ad cold water). Drying After all these procuress still powder has 5. 5 % moisture in it, Powder is dried through xEgran System to reduce moisture level up to 3. 1% Cooling After drying there is a cooling process, in which powder is cooled before storing.Storing of powder Powder is stored in bins there are 40 bins. Packing Milk is packed in different packing according to the weight required, form tote tilting station from bins. Capacity Capacity is the maximum rate of output for a facility. The operations manager must provide the capacity to meet current and future demand s; otherwise the organization will miss the opportunities for growth & profits. Capacity planning is duty of top management and it is long term . In flush season when milk is abundantly available they utilize capacity 100% as cleaning time is just 4 hours daily and 20 hours for working.Installed capacity in NIDO plant is 560 tons, it produces 4 tons / Hours & in 20 working hrs it can produce 80tons per day. In summer when availability of milk is lower they have their annual shut down (June). They have training session for employees and vacations in that time. There are certain standards for labor utilization. Efficiency of employees is calculated daily. LOCATION Facility location is the process of determining a geographic site for a firm’s operations. Nestle Pack has located one of its factories at KabirwalaREASONS FOR SELECTING THIS LOCATION PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS AND RESOURCES This factory has been located in this area because here the supply of milk is more than the requir ement of the local area. This factory location is immensely surrounded by Agricultural farms, villages and small towns. The people o f these areas have their own animals and the feudal of the region have their own live stock farms. So there is abundant milk available. Furthermore, by locating one factor y at Sheikhupura and the other at Kabirwala the Nestl MilkPak can cover the geographic area of milk collection very well, especially the area of whole Punjab.REPUTATION OF THE LOCATION Placing of the factory at Kabirwala is also advantageous in this way that at the current place there was actually the factory in the name of Kabirwala Dairies Ltd. (KDL). So the place has thereputation of having a milk factory. The suppliers of milk are already oriented with this location. PROXIMITY TO NATIONAL HIGHWAY Kabirwala factory is quite closer to National Highways so the transportation of Raw Material and Finished Goods is also easier. In the end we can say that the most important and critical factor for locating the facility at this place is the availability of the milk in this area.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply Chain |Management seeks to synchronize a firms functions and those of its suppliers to match the flow of materials ,services and information with customer demand. A basic purpose of supply Chain management is to control inventory by managing the flows of materials. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Following types of inventories are kept by Nestle Milkpak Kabirwala: RAW MATERIALS Raw Material inventory of Nestle MilkPak consists of milk. Their Raw Material is kept in Silos . Silos are the big tanks, which are used to store the milk.Inventories of their raw materials cannot be maintained in bulk quality and for a longer period of time. The factory can store the milk up to 596000 liters. They have five silos for storing the milk all have different capacities. The milk can remain there for the period of 36 hours without loosing quality. WORK IN PROCESS INVENTORIES Work in proc ess inventories are not to huge. Whatever they put into production they stop production after its completion if there is no unusual break down. The unpacked goods inventory can be considered as the WIP inventory. The condensed milk is stored in Bins.Bins are the big boxes in which the milk powder is stored before packing it. hen through an automatic plant the milk is packed. The butter is stored in huge tubs. From where that is packed through the automatic. FINISHED GOODS INVENTORY Inventories of packaging material can also be included in WIP inventories. The packing material is purchase externally. The supplier of packing material is packag